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This informative blog allows plastics professionals to discuss plastics training and technology. Brought to you by Routsis Training: the plastic industry's premiere training provider.

Handling Units…

This was received as a follow-up question to a previous post on …

Joe
How do you explain the basic rules for handling units in calculations?
My Response
We have training courses which cover this and other topics in detail, but I’ll cover the basics here. When multiplying and dividing numbers with units, the units are either combined or are cancelled out.
When units are multiplied by each other, they are considered combined’, resulting in a completely new unit of measurement. When division is used between two different units, then the units are also combined to form the result. When like units are divided they cancel out.
5in * 5in = 25in²
3ft * 12in/ft = 36in·ft/ft = 36in
When adding and subtracting numbers with units, it is important to ensure that all
the units are the same. If the units are different, they must first be converted for the result
to be useful. When added or subtracted, the units will remain unchanged when the result is calculated.
5in + 5in = 10in
-Andy

Employees Don’t Like Wearing Safety Glasses…

I was asked this question the other day…

Joe
We are trying to get everyone to wear safety glasses, but no one likes to wear them, especially management.

My Response
Basically, this is not a safety issue, this is a management issue. If management believes in an initiative, they need to support it. Managers, engineers, and administrators need to wear safety glasses when on the production floor. Personally, I prefer making everyone subject to the same reprimands or penalties as a result of not wearing the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
This may sound simple, but I have never seen an initiative succeed without management support. For example, every company I have seen have trouble with 5S excludes management. Employees are not going to take time to clean up their workplace if their boss has a messy office and the supervisor’s desk is full of clutter.
Additional Thoughts
Safety glasses are not a matter of preference… they are a matter of safety. People would be wearing safety glasses while shopping, driving, and watching TV if they were fun, interesting, or fashionable.
-Andy

Significant Figures…

I often see the topic of this question as a source of heated contention for technicians, quality, and engineers…

KL
Recently, I am having some heated discussion about significant figures, and the internet is not much help in resolving the issue. I am told that if we have five of something, only one significant figure can be used. I know this is wrong, but I cannot support my argument, can you help?
note: Significant figures are the digits in a calculation which have certainty or meaning contributing to its accuracy. In order words, you should use the specified, or appropriate, amount of digits in order to keep the integrity of the number.
My Response
The only exception to significant figures is when we are multiplying or dividing the number by exact quantities. If a quantity is definite then it’s considered reliable; meaning that you have full confidence in your number. If we know, for example, we have exactly eight CD cases – we do not have to consider this number when determining the amount of significant figures to be used.
For example, I just stacked two identical diskettes on my desk and they measure 0.66cm using a pair of calipers. When divided by 2, the average thickness equals 0.33cm/diskette, not 0.3cm. The reason this result can be used is because we have confidence that there are exactly 2 diskettes. In this case we could use 2.000, 2.0000000, and so on for our calculations, so that the resulting average is based on the number of significant figures on the actual measurement, not on the number of diskettes.
Additional Thoughts
This does not mean that you have confidence that each of the diskettes in this example are exactly 0.33cm, but you do have confidence in the average thickness of those two diskettes.
Situations such as these are some of the reasons why we often recommend our customers put their management, engineering and technical staff through a refresher course in mathematics.
-Andy

Understanding Torque…

I received this interesting question over the weekend…

Bob
How do I best explain torque to my operators?

My Response
Tell them that torque is a measure of rotational force. In other words, the force being applied to rotate something is considered torque. The way torque is calculated is by multiplying the force being applied times the distance it is being applied.
Try to use a few practical uses of torque within your plant. Technicians and mechanics often use torque wrenches to measure the rotational force being applied to a screw when they are being tightened. Additionally, extruders, such as yours, are often concerned with the amount of torque or rotational force being applied to the screw.
-Andy

Delay Before Recovery…

In a discussion yesterday, I was asked this question…

John
Why add a delay before screw recovery? None of my guys do this, is it important?
My Response
Immediately after 2nd stage pack, there is a large amount of pressure present in front of the screw. If this pressure is not relieved, it will increase the rotational torque applied during screw rotation. To prevent screw damage, or snapping, either screw delay or screw decompression can be used.
Additional Thoughts
This concern is even greater with electric molding machines since the servo-motor can apply a great amount of torque instantaneously. This can quickly weaken, twist, or break the screw within the barrel.
-Andy